Ted Bundy Essay - 2045 Words

Murder is the most vindictive crime society can commit. As individuals in society, the belief of being born a murderer is false. No one is born a murderer; society gives birth to that murderer. In Ted Bundys case the lack of parental guidance and constant rejection of women contributed to him evolving into a vicious serial killer. Bundy was a man who let his fantasies run his life, he believed that life was a game. All this contributed to making Bundy revengeful, bitter, and not quite mentally stable. Bundy took countless numbers of young female lives in the 70s. This man seemed to have a highly unstable personality and was often confused in life, some have suggested that, quot;Bundy was insane and that he should have been in a mental†¦show more content†¦Many say that Bundy was a very successful, pleasant student. Bundys focus changed in the spring of 1967, when he met the woman of his dreams Stephanie Brooks. This relationship would change his life forever. Stephanie was B undys first love and he was infatuated with her to the point of obsession. Stephanie felt that Ted had no direction in his life and that he didnt know what he wanted and where he was going. Which is what lead to their breakup. Bundy was extremely depressed over their breakup, and to make matters worse Bundy learned the true about his quot;sisterquot;, that she was really his mother. This was in an addition to turning point in Bundys behavior. quot;During this time in his life Bundy became possessed of a kind of icy resolvequot;(Duijndam.) Bundy went from a shy, sweet, and naive individual, to a dominant, focused, and revengeful person. Although, Stephanie and Bundy kept close contact after their breakup and they visited often. Around 1972 Teds life seemed to emerge with higher hopes. Bundy sent out various applications for law schools and became involved in politics. Bundy was looked upon as a caring and respectful individual. quot;He was even commended by the Seattle police for sav ing the life of a three-year-old boy who was drowning in a lakequot; (Duijndam.) In 1973 Bundy had met up with Stephanie Brooks once again. Stephanie noticed the TedsShow MoreRelatedTed Bundy1633 Words   |  7 PagesTed Bundy Marel Respress Columbia College Professor Judith Revels Criminology SOCI 321 Abstract This research paper will explore the life of a serial killer named Ted Bundy. We will look at the cause and effects of him becoming a serial killer. We will also discuss the different criminology theories behind Ted Bundy’s actions. Based on what was discovered in the research no one theory can explain the action of Ted Bundy as a serial killer. The remainder of the paper is laid out as follows:Read MoreTed Bundy2445 Words   |  10 PagesTed Bundy’s early childhood wasn’t any more problem than the average kids. Ted was a good kid, born in November 24, 1946 at the Elizabeth Lund Home For Unwed Mothers in Burlington, Vermont. Bundy grew up in Philadelphia the home of his grandparents, he grew to believe his biological mother was his sister and his grandparents were his parents. His early school years weren’t easy; he was bullied and made fun of. The author of the book Ted Bund: Conversations with a killer analyzed Ted’s behavior andRead MoreTed Bun dy Essay1460 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Theodore Robert Cowell, better known as Ted Bundy is one of the most well-known serial killers of the 20th century. Bundy took advantage of his good looks and charming personality to lure countless women. His regime began in Seattle, Washington in1974, until his arrest in 1978. The estimated murder count was from 30-100 victims. However, the final number is unknown until today. Childhood Ted Bundy was born at the Elizabeth Lung Home for Unwed Mothers in Vermont to a woman namedRead MoreTed Bundy : A Case3268 Words   |  14 PagesTed Bundy was a young rising politician, a crisis hotline volunteer, a law student, and the charming boy next door. He was also a deranged sociopath, a cannibal, and was suspected of murdering 100 women in the 20th century. As Ted Bundy put it, â€Å"I’m the most cold-blooded son of a bitch that you’ll ever meet.† (Pulditor, p.24) Theodore Robert Cowell, or Ted Bundy, was born on November 24, 1946 in the Elizabeth Lund Home for Unwed Mothers in Vermont to Louise Cowell. Louise moved shortly after hisRead MoreEssay On Ted Bundy1250 Words   |  5 PagesThe main purpose of this defense essay is to understand what drove Theodore Robert Bundy to commit the crimes he is accused of. After reading and listening to interviews with Ted Bundy and reading expert opinion, it is my conclusion Bundy knew his actions were wrong but the impulse overrode reasoning. The defense, the M’Naghten Rule – irresistible impulse defense would fit the Bundy crimes of murder and rape of young women. The craving and increasing desire to live out the murder and rape fantasyRead MoreThe Murder Of Ted Bundy960 Words   |  4 PagesI am going to tell you about the life of Theodore Robert Bundy, better known as Ted Bundy. I will explain why he started to commit these murders, and the stories of the few victims that survived. Y ou will read how he committed these murders, and what he did with the victims. You will learn about how he got away with escaping prison twice. Ted Bundy was sentenced to death after confessing to thirty-six murders. He started committing these murders when he was around eighteen years old. He continuedRead MoreThe Murder Of Ted Bundy1772 Words   |  8 Pagesmurdering innocent people but there is one in particular who made an impact in society, Ted Bundy. This man known for his good looks and charm with young women is what helped him to murder all these woman’s and have gone away with it for a several time. This happened during the 1970’s, Ted Bundy did not live an ordinary life and this is probable reason as to why he led a life of murderous crimes with women. Ted Bundy was born November 24, 1946 he did not have a normal life he was raised by his grandparentsRead MoreThe Legacy Of Ted Bundy2429 Words   |  10 Pagesnotoriously known as Ted Bundy, was born in Burlington, Vermont on November 24, 1946. Bundy was raised by his grandparents for the first three years of his life in order to avoid public disgrace from their community due to the fact that Bundy’s mother had him out of wedlock. As a young boy, Bundy was under the notion, along with the community around him, that his grandparents were his parents and his mother was his older sister. At the age of four, his mother left with Bundy to live in PhiladelphiaRead MoreTed Bundy Essay example1410 Words   |  6 PagesTed Bundy Throughout history, criminal investigators have encountered different forms of serial killers. One of the many famous serial killers in the twentieth century was Theodore Robert Bundy (Ted Bundy). Ted Bundy was responsible for the Chi Omega killings and many more. When people think of serial killers, they visualize some dirty, crazy, looking individual that would stand out from everybody else. In Teds case this was different. Ted Bundy was a very smart individual who had attended collegeRead MoreThe Serial Killers : Ted Bundy1438 Words   |  6 PagesTed Bundy, also known as the campus killer, is one of the United States top known serial killers. This twisted man assaulted and murdered many young girls during the 1970s. Bundy captured his victims by his charismatic and handsome and would win their trust by traits he had. He would act injured or as an authority figure before he murdered and assaulted his victims. After the girls died, Bundy would visit the bodies’ hours later and do sexual things to the corpse until animals would finish the girl

The Right And The Good Hobbes S Theory On Moral...

Dale Campbell Prof Cummins/Phi 358 THE RIGHT AND THE GOOD IN HOBBES’S THEORY ON MORAL PHILOSOPHY Mr. Hobbes’s Leviathan is one of the many outstanding philosophers that wrote books on moral philosophy and their meaning. Hobbes explains in a clear and engaging manner that makes his Statement thesis clear from the start: Man can be a self-interested animal, and that this self-interest is enough to create a justified and obligatory ways of justice, citizenship, and morality. He mentions in his thesis right from the beginning and is the basis for his theory that all things dealing with ethical thinking one general thought generate the answer; that is the reason for accepting self-interest of all mankind. Even though his theory sounds like the perfect society in which a person is looking out for everyone, I believe that this theory attempts to define and in turn reduce our general concept of morality into the simplest form of self-interest. No matter how this argument is formed, there is a group of ethical actions in which the morality is true, but the consequences are false. In most cases where the self-interest of a person in the society is in contradiction. In this paper I will explain a class of people that I will refer to as â€Å"Jamaican freeloaders.† â€Å"Jamaican Freeloaders† are the populace in Jamaican culture who use other people also who try to get something for nothing. They get it by any means possible and freely. I will show that Hobbes’sShow MoreRelatedEssay On John Locke And Thomas Hobbes1076 Words   |  5 Pagesand Thomas Hobbes John Locke and Thomas Hobbes, two English Enlightenment philosophers, were both very influential politically and philosophically despite having almost opposite beliefs. While each individually influenced later documents and events such as the Declaration of Independence and the American Revolution, they had an equally big impact in history. Today, everyone recognizes natural rights and the modern system of government uses social contracts every day. Thomas Hobbes was born inRead MoreSocial Contract Theory In Thomas Hobbess The Leviathan1272 Words   |  6 PagesIn light of political philosophy, and more specifically contract theory, there is one philosophy that is undoubtedly inferior to the rest. This happens to be Thomas Hobbes’s social contract theory as articulated in his book The Leviathan. There are many conceptual errors in Hobbes’s theory, but I will first present his theory and then highlight two major issues. The first issue being that his state of nature is irrationally portrayed and his assumptions of apolitical groups are inaccurate- as examplesRead MoreHate Propaganda And The Criminal Code Of Canada1589 Words   |  7 Pagesyears.† Under s. 319(1) of the Criminal Code, â€Å"anyone who communicates statements in a public place and thereby incites hatred against an identifiable group where such incitement leads to a breach of the peace is guilty of an indictable offence punishable by two year s imprisonment or a summary conviction offence.† Section 319(2) makes it a crime to â€Å"communicate, except in private conversation, statements that wilfully promote hatred against an identifiable.† No â€Å"prosecution† under s. 319(2) can â€Å"beRead MoreThomas Hobbes Biography And View On Justice1447 Words   |  6 PagesThomas Hobbes Introduction Thomas Hobbes sees human from a mechanistic view that life is simply the motions of the organism believes that a state of nature in human kind will eventually become a state of war of all against all. He attempted to justify the absolute power of the sovereign on the basis of a hypothetical social contract in which individuals seek to protect themselves from one another by agreeing to obey the sovereign in all matters. The key element in Hobbes’s view on human natureRead MoreMorality Is An Important Component Of A Human Being Because1382 Words   |  6 Pagesthat every human being has. Whether to be good, evil, honest, or deceitful are just some of the traits morality helps us develop. Thus, it is evident that morality is a crucial component of a human being. However, what ultimately drives moral action? This question is debated and investigated against many philosophers, a few of them being Thomas Hobbes, Frans de Waal, and David Hume. Hobbes believes that in the state of nature, humans have no laws, morals, police force, property, government, cultureRead MoreThe Political Philosophies Of Thomas Hobbes And John Locke3805 Words   |  16 PagesThe purpose of this essay will be to thoroughly compare and contrast the political philosophies of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. At the surface, these two scholars seem to offer contradictory models of political order, while at the same time relying on similar views of human nature. These men published their most famous offerings, Hobbes’ Leviathan and Locke s Second Treatises of Government, during an era of developing capitalism and market mechanisms. I will discuss the role of the emerging socialRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke1494 Words   |  6 Pages1) Thomas Hobbes and John Locke share the basic assumption that a theory based off of abstract individualism, consent, sovereignty and reason will produce a peaceful and productive society. This theory is the liberal political theory, which is the philosophy of individual rights and a limited government. Both Hobbes and Locke both center the majority of their ideas off of how people’s lives should be based off of nature rights instead of natural law. This being said, people are also subject to theRead MoreThe Political Of Political Science Essay2347 Words   |  10 Pagesthe study of the state and the government.And political philosophy is considersd to be a sub discipline of political science.However it is a political theory,a discipline which has a closer methodology to the theoretical fields in the social sciences.So,political philosophy is the study of topics such as politics,liberty,justice,rights,property,law and the enforcement of a legal code by authority.(Agarwal,2013) In short political philosophy is the activity with all the philosophers such as PlatoRead MoreSocial Contract Theory Thomas Hobbes2009 Words   |  9 Pagescontract theory, nearly as old as philosophy itself, is the view that person s moral and/or political obligations are dependent upon a contract or agreement among them to form the society in which they live. The Social Contract is largely associated with modern moral and political theory, and is given its first full exposition and defense by Thomas Hobbes in his piece, Leviathan. After Hobbes, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau are the best known proponents of this influential theory, thoughRead MoreJohn Locke And Thomas Hobbes1287 Words   |  6 Pagesand their rights. John Locke and Thomas Hobbes were both political philosophers who developed theories about how the government should work. They set up their theories around The Natural Law and the Social Contract Theory. Although John Locke and Thomas Hobbes had a similar g oal, their beliefs and opinions were definitely not the same. John Locke and Thomas Hobbes both believed in the Natural Law and the Social Contract Theory. They both developed and worked their theories and philosophies around Saint

Performance Management Appraisal Program Alliance Healthcare

Question: Discuss about the Performance Management Appraisal Program Alliance Healthcare. Answer: Introduction The most essential part of the work that Human Resource Managers and Executives perform all through the year is managing employee performance. The importance is nowhere less than managing financial resources or program result because the magnitude of employee performance shows extensive results on both financial resources as well as components of program of an organization ("How to Outline a Performance Appraisal Program", 2017). The Performance Management Appraisal Program (PMAP) of Alliance Healthcare is designed to meet the supposition of the employees. It offers a significant process that can reward an employee for a notable contribution towards the organization. This will help the organization to make the necessary improvements in order to achieve success at every level. Alliance Healthcare is an Australian healthcare recruitment service provider that came into existence in the year 2002. It recruits healthcare professionals, nurses, and carers from overseas and local markets who are eligible for Australian healthcare facilities or organizations ("About Alliance Health Nursing recruitment agency Alliance Health", 2017). The services are provided by keeping in mind the particular needs of both candidates and clients. Alliance Healthcare believes that performance management is the organized process of: Planning the work and framing expectations Continuous monitoring of the performance Develop the ability to perform Rating the overall performance regularly Giving rewards to the notable performance The interviews are organized with management to hire the best people for the position. The candidate is hired after evaluating on various parameters. These parameters include knowledge, skills, behaviour, and attitude of individual that are required to fulfil the requirements of the job. The performance management appraisal program will clarify the expectations of employees, improvement in self-assessment and performance will be observed and most importantly employees will be satisfied with their job that will increase the productivity of their particular department and overall, the organization will be benefited ("Performance Management Appraisal Program (PMAP)", 2017). Performance Management Appraisal Program In todays world, organizations are starving to function properly. There is need to set a link between the goals of the organization and everyday actions. When the employees do not perform according to the business strategy, both the resources and time are wasted. It is this time when Performance Management Appraisal Program is needed. It corrects the performance of employees and optimize the productivity. The PMAP of Alliance Healthcare for employees is described below: Workforce The workforce is assessed on the basis of number of employees and the work oriented to them. In Alliance healthcare, the total number of employees working and the position on which they are working and their departments will be considered. The various positions in Alliance healthcare are: Workers, Training Supervisor, Trainer, Rating Official, Asst. HR Manager, Training Manager, Recruiter, Recruiting Manager, Human Resource Manager, Benefits Coordinator, Benefits Manager, Compensation Analyst, Compensation Manager, Recruitment Director, Organizational Development Director, Human Resource Director. Employee Performance Plan In every successful organization, planning is done before any wok. This planning includes the expectations and goals of individuals with respect to the objectives of the organization. In Alliance healthcare, if an employee fails to do any particular task, it affects the overall performance and will result in employees removal, transfer to a lower grade or reassignment. Alliance Healthcares employee performance plan includes the individual performance outcomes that contributes to the strategic goals of the operational department. The management will emphasise on following points to determine the exact critical performance elements for their employees: In strategic plan of department, the goals and objectives are clearly mentioned. Specific individual performance goals of employees of a department in accordance with annual performance plan of Alliance Healthcare. The specific objectives and goals of operational division of that particular department. Description of the position of Employee. Legal and regulatory requirements. Feedback from the customers. Employee input. There will be few benchmark standards based on which the performance of employees will be measured. There will be five levels of benchmarking. In increasing order, they are: Achieved Unsatisfactory Results Expected Results Achieved Partially Expected Results Achieved More than Expected Results Achieved Outstanding Results Achieved These critical performance elements and standards achieved by the employee will be documented and signed by the designated officer and employee. Further, a review officer will again check the process and then approve/disapprove. Monitoring Performance To monitor the performance in Alliance Healthcare, following factors will be considered: Feedback during Performance Cycle The performance cycle of employees in Alliance Healthcare will be of 30 calendar days from the: Starting of appraisal period Joining of duty by employee Task assigned to the employee Promotion of an employee to a new position This feedback will address the employee performance in accordance with the objectives of the department and further organization against the performance benchmark standards. The rating official will decide the source of data and ensure the accurate, timely and effective rating is given to employees. Midyear Review It will be ensured that every employee gets at least one formal review during the appraisal period. The rating official will discuss the performance with subordinate employees during the appraisal period as it is necessary if the employee is not performing according to the objectives. The factors that will be considered are: Reviews from customers about their work. Does the employee require training? Does the employee work efficiently in challenging environment? Giving/Receiving feedback regularly. Any further support needed by employee. Developing Employees The performance management process of Alliance Healthcare will develop the needs of employees. During the above two processes of planning and monitoring it becomes clear that which deficiencies of an employee needs to be addressed. The development of employees will be of two types: Formal Development The employees will be trained in traditional method i.e. in classrooms about healthcare services and the areas where they need development. An Individual Development Plan (IDP) will be made consisting of following elements: Assessment: This will include the past employment and training records. The employee will be free to ask from peer employees, supervisors, and HR staff members. The doubts will be clarified. Discussion: The employee and supervisor will discuss the results of assessment, objectives, description of the job, etc. The employee will be supported by supervisor. Implementation: After completing the task, the employee will report to the supervisor. The employee and supervisor will meet several times to discuss IDP. Evaluating the Employees Performance Based on the performance against the benchmarks and the objectives, the employees will be rated by the rating official. The customers and colleagues will be consulted besides self-assessment of employees and other performance related statistics. This rating official will perform a thorough meeting with the employee about performance based on the following guidelines: All the previous performance plans of the employee should be complete. All the noteworthy discussions regarding objectives in accordance with the standards should be done with employee. The session should be conducted in a calm and professional environment, focusing on the work-related issues and performance. The official should summarize of employees overall performance. The summary document should have all the concerns regarding employee based on the feedback. The rating official will then provide the rating according to the performance and signed by both official and employee. Rewarding Employees Performance The performance awards are given to employees after seeing their rating. The employees who receive 5 points (highest) will receive a 5% of the salary (based on the last working day of rating cycle) as reward. The employees with rating 4 will receive 4% of their salary and with 3 will receive 3% of their salary. The employees with ratings 2 and 1 will not be eligible for rewards. The employees with poor performance will dealt with actions to improve their performance. The promotion will be paused and performance will be discussed with the supervisor. The one with rating 1 will get a written notice about the performance failure and an opportunity to show performance under a Performance Improvement Plan (PIP) where specific assistance will be provided by feedback and the employee will be coached for better performance. Misconduct versus Unsatisfactory Performance It is important to know whether the Achieved Unsatisfactory Result (rating 1) level is because of the poor performance of the employee or because of misconduct. Sometimes, both are inter-related and sometimes poor performance is the result of misconduct. In Alliance Healthcare, if an employee gets rating 1, it may be because of the incapability to perform according to the goals and objectives or the second reason may be the failure to follow the rules or bad behaviour towards peer employees or property of company. In both the cases, employee can be removed from the company if proved guilty. Developing IDP (Individual Development Plan) Both Employee and Rating official will jointly develop an individual development plan that will be a link between the career interests of employee and the goals and objectives of the company. The goals of IDP will be: Learning of new skills for better performance in current job. To maximize the current performance with respect to the objectives of the organization. To increase the interest, and satisfaction for the current position. To gain essential knowledge, skills for the career growth. This will help them to achieve career goals according to the objectives of the organization. An IDP can be said as a partnership between the rating officer and the employee and the target is development of the employee. Organizing Interviews The interviews are very important part in the hiring process. As the core business of Alliance Healthcare is recruiting persons for different healthcare centres in Australia, so this interview will be for the position of Management Trainee which will further given the position of Asst. HR manager on successful completion of training period. The interviewer is HR Manager and the time duration will be 45 minutes. The questions will be categorized as: To know the facts Creative-thinking Ability to solve problems Behavioural The following set of 25 questions will be helpful while interviewing: Tell me about Yourself and your working experience in Healthcare Recruitment Sector? What was the size of your last team? Did you like the previous working environment? Describe Yes or No. Why did you leave your last job? What are your core competencies with respect to healthcare sector? Where do you see yourself in next 5 years? Where do you see the healthcare sector in next 5 years, especially the challenges? Suppose that you are an HR Manager and your team is delaying the training process of new employees. How will you speed up the process of your team? Or How do you deal a stressful situation at work? What is Healthcare Delivery? Who is a bilingual individual? Define cultural issues faced in healthcare system? What according to you is customer service? What can be our expectations from you in first 3 months? How do you define yourself as a team player? What all do you know about healthcare terminology? In your previous job, did you made any suggestion that was implemented? If Yes, describe. Discuss your experience with creating employee recognition and rewards programs? Suppose that you are at HR Managers position in Alliance Healthcare. Then tell me, what will be the most difficult decision for you while recruiting? Have you ever had a conflict with your peer or seniors? How you resolved it? Have you ever fired anyone in your previous jobs? How would you deal when it comes to firing a person, if it is required? When it comes to start a fresh relationship with a client, how do you usually start? Why do you want to work at Alliance Healthcare? How long can you commit to work with us? What salary are you expecting? Do you want to ask any questions? After this interview, the HR manager will take the decision to select the candidate or not. If selected, the follow-up will be done for any fact-checking or background information noted during interview. Then an offer letter needs to be drafted. References 95 healthcare interview questions and answers. (2017). Slideshare.net. Retrieved 29 May 2017, from https://www.slideshare.net/scottjohnson072/top-10-healthcare-interview-questions-with-answers About Alliance Health Nursing recruitment agency Alliance Health. (2017). Alliancehealth.com.au. Retrieved 27 May 2017, from https://www.alliancehealth.com.au/about/ Agrizzi, D., Jaafaripooyan, E., Akbarihaghighi, F. (2010). Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for healthcare accreditation system (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=1cad=rjauact=8ved=0ahUKEwjh49vCwZXUAhUHrY8KHVY1BVsQFgglMAAurl=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.soton.ac.uk%2F79297%2F1%2FCRAAG-10-01.pdfusg=AFQjCNHgwByYlCa2TbO_UB7G_3n_7-9_rA Aguinis, H. (2014). Performance management (1st ed.). Great Britain: Pearson. Conducting Employment Interviews Hiring How To - Management - WSJ.com. (2017). Guides.wsj.com. Retrieved 29 May 2017, from https://guides.wsj.com/management/recruiting-hiring-and-firing/how-to-conduct-interviews/ Employee Performance Appraisal Program and HR Evaluation Process. (2017). HR Advisors, Inc.. Retrieved 28 May 2017, from https://www.hradvisors.com/human-resource-services/performance-appraisal-programs/ Evaluating Performance Appraisal Programs: An Overview. (1999) (1st ed., pp. 1-5). Washington, DC. Retrieved from https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=1cad=rjauact=8ved=0ahUKEwjy5_qUxJXUAhXCvY8KHeS3A5wQFggqMAAurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opm.gov%2Fpolicy-data-oversight%2Fperformance-management%2Freference-materials%2Fmore-topics%2Feval.pdfusg=AFQjCNE-NML2qRuJlc1IcCfhaby3f80GIQ Healthcare Job Titles | Compdata Surveys. (2017). Compdatasurveys.com. Retrieved 28 May 2017, from https://www.compdatasurveys.com/compensation/healthcare/healthcare-job-titles/ How to Outline a Performance Appraisal Program. (2017). Smallbusiness.chron.com. Retrieved 27 May 2017, from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/outline-performance-appraisal-program-22951.html Mondy, R. (2010). Human Resource Management (12th ed., pp. 234-257). Prentice Hall. Performance Management Appraisal Program (PMAP). (2017). HHS.gov. Retrieved 28 May 2017, from https://www.hhs.gov/about/agencies/asa/ohr/hr-library/430-1/index.html Rose, T. (2016). 21 Important Interview Questions for Healthcare Administrators. Interview Strategies Sample Job Interview Questions Coaching Services. Retrieved 29 May 2017, from https://www.interviewstrategies.com/healthcare-administrator-interview-questions/ Supervisors Guide to Performance Appraisals. (2015) (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=1cad=rjauact=8ved=0ahUKEwihhfatx5XUAhUILo8KHciiBaoQFgglMAAurl=http%3A%2F%2Fhr.ucr.edu%2Fdocs%2Fperformance%2Fsupervisorsguide.pdfusg=AFQjCNFG_YAcaITqP9YE_KqlZGAbn9Sh7g Toppo, M., Prusty, D. (2012). From Performance Appraisal to Performance Management. IOSR Journal Of Business And Management, 3(5), 1-6. https://dx.doi.org/10.9790/487x-0350106

Heart Of Darkness Essay Questions Example For Students

Heart Of Darkness Essay Questions 20th Century Novels EssayTo what extent could Heart of Darkness be described as a disturbing novel that reflects some of the major concerns of 20th Century fiction?Line: 5Due: 4th June 2004Joseph Conrads literary classic Heart of Darkness serves as a powerful indictment of the hypocrisy of imperialism and the evils of racism. It reflects the savage repressions carried out in the Congo by the Belgians in one of the largest acts of genocide committed up to that time (Brians, 1998). Typical of many of the other modernist literature produced in the early decades of the twentieth century, Heart of Darkness is also as much about the human condition of alienation, loneliness and solitude as it is about imperialism. We live in a world in which the consequences of nineteenth-century European imperialism are still being felt. Primarily between 1880 and 1900 many European governments scrambled frantically for territory (Schmiechen, 1999). During this age of imperialism, in the centre of the Afr ican continent lay the newly colonised Belgian Congo, and the setting of the novella Heart of Darkness. The issue of Imperialism is explored in complicated ways in Heart of Darkness. The central character of Marlow encounters many scenes of torture, cruelty, racist superiority and near-slavery, and this results in the book offering a harsh picture of colonial enterprise to the reader. The hypocrisy of imperialism is felt to some extent in the novella, for the most part amongst the characters of the pilgrims and cannibals. The pilgrims of Heart of Darkness, although appear to be Christian, are not pilgrims in the religious sense but men from Central Station, who carry wooden staves wherever they go. They are obsessed with keeping up a veneer of civilization and proper conduct, and are motivated entirely by self-interest. They all want to be appointed to a station so that they can trade for ivory and earn a commission, but none of them actually takes any effective steps toward achievi ng this goal: They beguiled the time by backbitting and intriguing against each other in a foolish kind of wayThey slandered and hated each other only on that account. (pg.53-54). They despise the natives and treat them like animals, although in their greed and ridiculousness they appear less than human themselves. In an astounding lack of intelligence, the pilgrims attack the jungle, creating a cloud of smoke which blinds Marlows navigation: The pilgrims had opened with their Winchesters, and were simply squirting lead into that bush. A deuce of a lot of smoke came up and slowly drove forwardI couldnt see (pg. 80) In another incident, the pilgrims throw the cannibals only source of food overboard in what looked like a high-handed proceeding.(pg. 75). In the novel the natives hired as the crew of the steamer are known as the cannibals, paradoxically they are surprisingly reasonable and well tempered. The leader of the group, in particular, seems to be intelligent and capable of ironic reflection upon his situation. Marlow respects their restraint and their calm acceptance of adversity. Fine fellows cannibals in their place. They were men one could work with, and I am grateful to them. And, after all they did not eat each other before my face. (pg. 67). Whilst narrating his story Marlow not only emphasises the savagery of the pilgrims by comparison with the nobility of the cannibals, extending the contrast of civilization and savagery, but he also begins to indicate what it is that deserves some measure of respect. The nearly impossible feat of withstanding hunger is accomplished by the savage cannibals through some inexplicable integrity: No fear can stand up to hunger, no patience can wear it out, disgust simply does not exist w here hunger is; and as to superstition, beliefs, and what you may call principles, they are less than chaff in a breeze. Dont you know the devilry of lingering starvation, its exasperating torment, its black thoughts, its sombre and brooding ferocity? Well I do. It takes a man all his inborn strength to fight hunger properly. Its really easier to face bereavement, dishonour, and the perdition of ones soul (pg.76). Although they out number the pilgrims thirty men to five, The cannibals continuously maintain a measure of self-restraint, choosing rather, to face near-starvation. .uefd27fe1bcbfaab34d83898e39cee5ad , .uefd27fe1bcbfaab34d83898e39cee5ad .postImageUrl , .uefd27fe1bcbfaab34d83898e39cee5ad .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uefd27fe1bcbfaab34d83898e39cee5ad , .uefd27fe1bcbfaab34d83898e39cee5ad:hover , .uefd27fe1bcbfaab34d83898e39cee5ad:visited , .uefd27fe1bcbfaab34d83898e39cee5ad:active { border:0!important; } .uefd27fe1bcbfaab34d83898e39cee5ad .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uefd27fe1bcbfaab34d83898e39cee5ad { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uefd27fe1bcbfaab34d83898e39cee5ad:active , .uefd27fe1bcbfaab34d83898e39cee5ad:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uefd27fe1bcbfaab34d83898e39cee5ad .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uefd27fe1bcbfaab34d83898e39cee5ad .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uefd27fe1bcbfaab34d83898e39cee5ad .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uefd27fe1bcbfaab34d83898e39cee5ad .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uefd27fe1bcbfaab34d83898e39cee5ad:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uefd27fe1bcbfaab34d83898e39cee5ad .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uefd27fe1bcbfaab34d83898e39cee5ad .uefd27fe1bcbfaab34d83898e39cee5ad-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uefd27fe1bcbfaab34d83898e39cee5ad:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Maharaja Ranjit Singh: The Sikh Ruler, in the eyes EssayWhile Heart of Darkness offers a powerful condemnation of the hypocritical operations of imperialism and the paradoxical human nature, it also addresses issues surrounding race that can be viewed as even more disconcerting: The prehistoric man was cursing us (pg. 68). This comment reflects the European inclination to view the African natives as primitive, further back on the evolutionary scale than Europeans. It draws comparisons with Marlows earlier remark in some way these savages are perhaps just like the English were when Britain was colonized by Rome.(pg. 30). What disturbs Marlow most about the native peoples he sees along the river: It was unearthlythe suspicion of their not being inhuman. They howled and leaped, and spun, and made horrid faces (pg. 69). It is a shame that in these moments Marlow admits the limits of his own perception and still casts Africans as a primitive version of himself rather than as potential equals. The book also suggests Africa is responsible for mental disintegration as well as for physical illness. The African people and the darkness and remoteness of the African continent seem also to be a mere backdrop in which the novella Heart of Darkness explores philosophical and existential struggles of European men. Their existence and their exoticism enable Marlows self-contemplation. This kind of dehumanisation may be harder to identify, but can be just as destructive as colonial violence or open racism (Gatten, 2004). Throughout Heart of Darkness, the themes of alienation, loneliness, silence and solitude predominate. The question of what the alienation and lonelin ess of extended periods of time in a remote and hostile environment can do to mens minds is a central theme of the book. The doctor who measures Marlows head prior to his departure for Africa warns him of changes to his personality that may be produced by a long stay in Africa. It would be interesting for science to watch the mental changes of individuals, on the spot(pg. 49). The book also attempts to blame the homicidal megalomania of Kurtz on the mental breakdown he has suffered as a result of the alienation experienced in Africa. The novella can be described as a fictional case study of what happens psychologically to those colonized, or those forced into years of solitude in a strange and foreign land. The book begins and ends in silence, with men first waiting for a tale to begin: There was silence aboard the yacht. (pg.28) Then left to their own thoughts in solitude after it has concluded: Marlow ceased, and sat apart, indistinct and silent (pg. 121). The novella Heart of Dar kness is a prevailing reflection on Twentieth Century fiction. It depicts some of the Twentieth Centurys darkest tribulations such as imperialism, colonialism, racism and extreme violence but also represents some deeper issues regarding the human condition. The reoccurring themes of alienation and loneliness, silence and solitude, integrity and nobility are universal and no amount of cultural differences can change their meaning to the individual. Bibliography: Brian, P and others (1998) Reading About the World, Volume 2 Harcourt Brace Custom Books, WashingtonConrad, J (1902) Heart of Darkness Penguin Books: EnglandGatten, B; Martin, M (2004). Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness online at http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/heart/.accessed on 3 Jun. 2004Schmiechen, James (1999) A History of Western Society, 6th ed. Study Guide vol. II. Houghton: Boston

Research Paper on Macroeconomics Essay Example

Research Paper on Macroeconomics Essay 1) I believe that government’s reason for seeking to decrease our economy’s dependence on private investment is one that flows directly from the economic analysis. In particular, this report indicates that investment is the portion of aggregate demand that is most volatile. Indeed, it is for this reason that the financial instability hypothesis can be considered an investment theory of the business cycle. Thus, the effort to decrease the significance of investment is an attempt to shift the weight of the economy toward its more stable spending components. This preference for fiscal policies that decrease the economy’s dependence on private investment leads the government to recommend both spending and tax changes. For example, since military expenditures are a compelling investment stimulant, there was a suggested reduction of the expenditure in this area. In fact, however, government advocates an employment strategy that would make public employment (at some modest income level) available for all who are without work. Of course, it might be somewhat difficult for the federal government to provide the spending and simultaneously maintain the system of public transfers that exists today. But the government would not need to do both. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Macroeconomics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Macroeconomics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Macroeconomics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer 2) Gilder’s paradigm is built not on markets but entrepreneurs. It is a Great Man Theory for economics. Say’s Law is at the base of the model, but with a more luxurious meaning. For the metaphysical supply-siders, the statement that supply creates its demand is a denial not only of demand management in the Keynesian sense but a rejection of the market’s ability to evoke new products and services. What distinguishes the entrepreneur is not his ability to take direction from the market but his ability to lead it. The demands of the many who make up the market are infinite and undefined; the entrepreneur is the one who through his ability to sympathetically imagine the needs of the many gives their endless demand a new, definite, and more efficient shape, defining a need in the very act of creating a product that fulfills it. In practical terms then, the metaphysical supply-siders agree with standard supply-side policy recommendations but for subtly different reasons. They accept, for instance, the importance of low tax rates not only because high tax rates marginally lower productivity by reducing average incentives but mainly because they may cripple a generation of entrepreneurs–the great men–whose contributions would otherwise advance the economy further and faster than any marginal average increase in productivity. 3) Expansionary fiscal policy can destabilize the economy under certain conditions. One concern about equating changes in the full-employment surplus with discretionary fiscal policy is that the full-employment surplus can change for any of several reasons, some of which should not be interpreted either as a change in discretionary policy or, for that matter, as a change in an automatic fiscal stabilizer that might have a similar impact on the economy. A striking illustration is a sharp drop in individual income tax revenue in recent years, already discussed, much of which reflects a change in the composition of aggregate income. Although it shows up as a drop in the full-employment surplus, this is apparently not the direct result of a policy change, nor is it evident why it should be viewed as an expansionary event. Another problem in interpreting the change in the CBO surplus as a policy response to current economic conditions is that the surplus may change as a result of policy decisions made several periods before, An example is the phased-in tax cut enacted in 2001. Further, the underlying cyclical responsiveness of the budget might change unpredictably over time, leading to the possibility of over- or undercorrection in the construction of the adjusted series, and hence a spurious statistical relationship to the output gap. For example, should one view the decline in incomes and tax payments at the top of the income distribution in recent years as unrelated to the economic cycle? For these reasons, it is useful to rely on an alternative measure based on specific policy changes. 4) Tax cuts that are perceived to be the temporary effect the SRAS and LRAS curves differently than tax cuts that are recognized to be permanent. Readers of NATIONAL REVIEW and the Wall Street Journal and the Washington Times have been witnessing a debate over the relative merits of various tax-reform proposals. The researchers have argued that individual initiative is so important that a reduction in marginal rates justifies an increase in business taxes. Ture and Roberts say that personal action is fatally disabled if the price of capital accumulation is too high. They conclude that the individual rate reductions aren’t worth the price of substantially increased taxes on business. These disagreements are important because, though they don’t clarify the philosophical disagreements between different paradigms, they force different paradigms to compete in an arena in which we can learn who wins. If a tax-reform bill with high capital costs and low personal rates is passed, and the economy goes into a tailspin, there will be some reason to question premises. That is what academic economists are doing right now. a) Proportion taxing. The tax rate is 10 %: Smith: $4,000; Jones: $ 10,000; Brown: $ 20,000. The tax rate is 15 %: Smith: $6,000; Jones: $ 15,000; Brown: $ 30,000. b) Progressive tax:5 % multiply by $ 120,000 = $ 6,0008 % multiply by $ 120,000 = $ 9,60015 % multiply by $ 100,000 = $ 15,000. Total = $ 30,00010 % proportional tax total = $ 34,000. Therefore, in this case, progressive tax will raise less money. The reform of social security systemAmericans tend not to be well informed about how their government and political system operate. But when it comes to Social Security, they have a pretty fair idea of how things work. Eight in ten Americans know that Social Security is a federal, rather than state or private, program. Almost seven in ten recognize that it is a pay-as-you-go program–that is, that payroll taxes collected from workers today pay benefits for current retirees rather than going into an account to pay their benefits when they retire. Most also know the basics of who can receive benefits. Ninety-six percent know that workers who have paid into the program are eligible. Eighty-nine percent know that spouses of such workers are available. Seventy percent know that workers who have not paid into the program are not qualified. Ninety-three percent know that people who retire on Social Security receive different monthly payments, and 79 percent know that a person can work while receiving benefits, but that there is a limit on how much he or she can earn. Forty-nine percent of Americans know the money in the Social Security trust fund is invested in U.S. government Treasury bonds. But 21 percent think it is kept by the government as cash in the bank, 13 percent believe it is invested in private company stocks, and 17 percent said they did not know. More than two-thirds know that if no action is taken, the trust fund will go bankrupt. One in four expects (incorrectly) the bankruptcy within ten years. Nearly the half realizes that it is more distant. In general, the public sees the problem as one for the long-term future, not one that Congress must act on immediately because it is a crisis today. The public has a fair sense of what is causing Social Security’s financial problems. Six in ten attribute them to more people going on Social Security and to having fewer workers to pay Social Security payroll taxes. But two-thirds attribute the problems to the diversion of trust fund money to programs other than Social Security. Despite knowing the financial difficulties faced by Social Security, most Americans are unwilling to raise taxes or reduce benefits. The only exception is in the case of benefits for higher-income Americans. Only about four in ten favor increasing Social Security payroll taxes or eliminating the current Social Security payroll tax cutoff, which exempts income over $68,400 a year. One in four favors raising taxes on Social Security benefits. Only one in five favors reducing benefits to retirees. Americans oppose raising the Social Security retirement age even if the change is phased in over time: only one in three supports this option. Fewer than four in ten favor increasing the retirement age to 67 earlier than planned. Support for changing Social Security cost-of-living adjustments is variable, depending on how the change is presented. Slightly more than half favor giving smaller yearly increases to retirees when the cost of living goes up, but only one in three favors limiting cost-of-living increases in Social Security benefits. Many Americans are willing to consider affluence testing, but the definition of â€Å"affluence† affects the level of support. Two-thirds favor reducing benefits for upper-income people if no income level is specified. But support drops to 50 percent if the income is defined as $40,000 a year or more. Similarly, only four in ten favor raising the taxes that higher-income retirees pay on their Social Security benefits, but two-thirds favor taxing benefits for those earning $75,000 a year and up. Americans are divided over whether they want Social Security in the future to act principally as a social insurance program to ensure that older adults have a minimum income during retirement (51 percent) or as a program in which people receive money based on how much they pay into the program (42 percent). The younger and older generations differ substantially in their view. A plurality (48 percent) of adults under age 35 want the program to be based principally on what people pay into it, compared with only 32 percent of those 65 or over. The public’s reluctance to take action on Social Security is due to more than one cause, but clearly, a significant reason is that they are as concerned about not being able to save enough for their retirement as they are about the long-term future of Social Security. Seven out of ten working adults report that they are worried about not having enough private savings for their retirement. Average citizens are in a quandary, trapped between their fear that there will not be enough funds left in the Social Security system and their concern about not having enough money in their private savings when they stop working. Most working Americans know they cannot expect to live comfortably in retirement on Social Security benefits alone. While seven in ten believe that an average retired person needs a yearly income of at least $20,000 to live comfortably, nearly nine in ten know that the average annual benefit now paid to a retired worker by Social Security is less than that. For someone to live comfortably in retirement, Social Security must be supplemented by private savings, notably if the Social Security benefit is reduced. People are painfully aware of the gap between what they are now saving privately and what they need to retire comfortably. Working adults report that they are keeping half what they think is necessary. In fact, six in ten reports that they saved less than $3,000 for their retirement during the past year. More than half of working adults say they are either not saving for retirement at all (31 percent) or are saving inadequately (26 percent). Strikingly, the figure is almost identical for those aged 50-64, who are closest to retirement. As to private pensions, which most working adults anticipate as being a more abundant source of retirement income than Social Security, 45 percent report that they do not participate in an individual or employer-provided private pension or 401 (k) plan. Once again, those near retirements are no better off. 44 percent of adults aged 50-64 are not enrolled in such programs. Poorer Americans are among the most vulnerable. Nearly nine in ten of those earning under $20,000 a year are either not saving for retirement at all (61 percent) or are saving inadequately (25 percent). Two out of three of those who have yet to begin saving for retirement explain that they do not have anything extra to keep for the future, and only one in five adults earning under $20,000 is participating in a 401 (k) or private pension program. Consistent with their belief that money in the trust fund is not being invested wisely, many people are willing to consider privatization or alternative investment strategies for some Social Security funds. Depending on how the question is worded, between 64 percent and 80 percent of Americans favor allowing individuals to invest part of their Social Security tax payments. In one survey, however, more than half of those with opinions on allowing individual investment said they could quickly change their minds. On the specific issue of investing Social Security funds in the stock market, public opinion is fluid and strongly affected by how the process is described. In three recent surveys, support ranged from a low of 48 percent to a high of 60 percent. If some Social Security tax funds are invested in the stock market, 80 percent of the public would prefer for individuals to spend part of their portion, and only 14 percent would prefer for the government to make the decisions. In five of six surveys, just about one in three Americans favor having the government invest Social Security revenues in the stock market. But even on the issue of government investment, where the public’s views seem so bright, one survey found more than half of those with opinions on the issue saying that they could easily change their mind. Taken together, these surveys portray a nation in a state of denial. Americans recognize both that Social Security faces severe financial difficulties and that they are not saving enough personally for retirement. But they are unwilling to face up to either issue. â€Å"Maybe next year† is the view expressed quite widely in opinion surveys. Surprisingly, even the age group closest to retirement takes the same look.

Free Essays on Iam Sam

â€Å"I am Sam† is the story of mentally challenged Sam Dawson who is suddenly faced with raising his newborn daughter on his own after the mother leaves the two of them right outside of the hospital. Sam names the baby girl Lucy Diamond, after the Beatles’ song â€Å"Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds†. With the help of Annie, a wise and also watchful neighbor, and Sam’s circle of mentally challenged friends, his informal support network, Sam manages to raise Lucy. Everything goes well until Lucy reaches age 7 which is the level of Sam’s mental capacity. A series of unfortunate events makes a social worker become aware of the situation. She decides that Sam is an unfit father and that he cannot take care of Lucy any longer. The legal argument is that he won’t be an appropriate parent once Lucy is mentally older than him. Sam and his friends realize they need help to ensure Sam’s custody of Lucy and to fight the system. Rita Harrison takes the case free of charge but for completely selfish reasons. The moment she steps into the picture it becomes clear that the purpose of this movie is not only to show how a parent with a disability is caught in the legal and social service systems. There is more to it. The movie raises some serious questions that should be of concern for everyone in our society. What defines a ‘good’ parent? Is it the amount of intellectual maturity displayed or the level of love given? Does being a competent parent have anything to do with money? And isn’t raising a child a challenge for everyone? Director Jessie Nelson wants to make the audience think. She indicates that everyone is damaged in one way or another. Sam may be severely disabled but he is not the only one with a problem. There is his neighbor Annie for example, who hasn’t left her house in years. Or his self-absorbed lawyer Rita who is not even able to spend time with her son. Rita works way too hard to support her shallow, cold and mate... Free Essays on Iam Sam Free Essays on Iam Sam â€Å"I am Sam† is the story of mentally challenged Sam Dawson who is suddenly faced with raising his newborn daughter on his own after the mother leaves the two of them right outside of the hospital. Sam names the baby girl Lucy Diamond, after the Beatles’ song â€Å"Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds†. With the help of Annie, a wise and also watchful neighbor, and Sam’s circle of mentally challenged friends, his informal support network, Sam manages to raise Lucy. Everything goes well until Lucy reaches age 7 which is the level of Sam’s mental capacity. A series of unfortunate events makes a social worker become aware of the situation. She decides that Sam is an unfit father and that he cannot take care of Lucy any longer. The legal argument is that he won’t be an appropriate parent once Lucy is mentally older than him. Sam and his friends realize they need help to ensure Sam’s custody of Lucy and to fight the system. Rita Harrison takes the case free of charge but for completely selfish reasons. The moment she steps into the picture it becomes clear that the purpose of this movie is not only to show how a parent with a disability is caught in the legal and social service systems. There is more to it. The movie raises some serious questions that should be of concern for everyone in our society. What defines a ‘good’ parent? Is it the amount of intellectual maturity displayed or the level of love given? Does being a competent parent have anything to do with money? And isn’t raising a child a challenge for everyone? Director Jessie Nelson wants to make the audience think. She indicates that everyone is damaged in one way or another. Sam may be severely disabled but he is not the only one with a problem. There is his neighbor Annie for example, who hasn’t left her house in years. Or his self-absorbed lawyer Rita who is not even able to spend time with her son. Rita works way too hard to support her shallow, cold and mate...

The Napoleon Bonaparte Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Napoleon Bonaparte - Term Paper Example This military uniform, or popularly called the ‘Marengo uniform’, is presently a valuable piece of Paris’s Musà ©e des Invalides (O’Brien 2006). The saber held by Napoleon is also kept by the Invalides. The sabre and the uniform were specially asked for by Jacques-Louis David (Bietoletti 2009). This depiction of the successful Marengo general was in the collected works of the eldest brother of Napoleon, Joseph Bonaparte. When in 1814 the Empire collapsed, he transferred to the United States and his remarkable anthology was dispatched to New Jersey, where he lived (Bietoletti 2009). Andrea Appiani was the official painter of Napoleon in Italy. He applauded the successes of the Emperor in a series of sheets in Milan’s Palazzo Reale (Cronin 1972). As the number of themes increased, his pictographic expression became more and more complicated. He employed strong chiaroscuro effects in the Caravaggio form (Cronin 1972). The King of Italy, in this wall painting, hailed by the Victories and by the Eagle, is enthroned by the Hours (Bordes 2007). This essay will analyze and discuss Appiani’s visual rendering of Napoleon in the context of history painting. If the coronation is a bird’s eye view of the intellectual mayhem of the Napoleonic cosmos, Appiani’s painting celebrating the enthronement looks like the expected preference with which to answer the major question of this essay: how to depict Napoleon in an artistic way, within the wide-ranging terms of the political representation disorder? Appiani tested a variety of answers to the abovementioned question, in a planned fulfillment of the demands of his new master. For instance, Napoleon disliked all of the answers, discarding entirely, another of Appiani’s regal works of art (Bordes 2007). The reactions of Napoleon, interpreted as aesthetic opinions (O’Brien 2006), fully validate the idea that his artists were not best positioned in the area